Draft overview: Dewey, Vygotsky, Micro-phenomenology

‘Film needs theory’ said Alan Parker, ‘like it needs a scratch on the negative.’^[1]

The origin of this project is my experience with the training and education provided for filmmakers who become film educators within the confines of a formal educational programme. And the Alan Parker quote above is representative of filmmakers (no, not all filmmakers…) both in their artistic and educational practice. And no, this is not a case of anti-intellectualism but rather a distrust of any theory^[2] that might distract filmmakers from focussing on both their craft and their intuition.

Perhaps as a result of this, or perhaps because of other traditions, filmmakers tend not to look for the theoretical basis for their teaching, but are more preoccupied with learning “how to”. Nowhere is this more clear, perhaps, than in the groundbreaking guide Training the Trainers (2005)^[3], which, in a series of 10 booklets and accompanying DVD, gives filmmakers a step-by-step guide on how to use their own practice, understand students, structure workshops, assignments, and grading, and so on — all very practical and useful. And all presented without reference to extant educational theory and philosophy.

Around the same time as Training the Trainers was being completed, a Danish researcher was completing her PhD thesis, which analysed the Danish Film School of the late 1990s and early 2000s.^[4] In her research, Heidi Philipsen studied teaching methods at the Danish Film School in the late90, also conducting interviews with students, teachers, and colleagues from affiliated film schools. Presenting her work at a conference in 2008, Philipsen states, “My research has illustrated, that the terms ’scaffolding’ (Wood, Bruner & Ross, 1976) and ’the zone of proximal development’ (Vygotsky, 1935) are indeed very useful in explaining for instance the methods used at the National Film School in Denmark.”^[5]

In her thesis and other writings, Philipsen elaborates on the role and meaning of educational scaffolding DFS with reference to both Wood et.al. and to Vygotsky, and shows how the teaching methods at the school led to the emergence of Dogma ’95, the radical renewal of Danish film of the 1990s. In the process, she highlights the importance of constraints for creativity^[6] and goes on to argue that “…to be able to think out of the box (= to be creative) it helps you to have a box.”^[7]

Philipsen’s work has been crucial for understanding the mechanisms of how scaffolding can support the development of unique artistic talents in a film school setting. But understanding the role of scaffolding and the function of the zone of proximal development are not sufficient for understanding film school pedagogy. In the following paragraphs, I’ll try to show how a variety of educational theories and philosophies can combine to provide a more complete picture of how film education works.

While many philosophers through the ages have engaged with education and attempted to explain how children and adults learn, for my purposes here the story begins with John Dewey and Lev Vygotsky.

Dewey and experience

Dewey developed formative theories of education and the role of education in society, and showed the close relationship between knowledge, reflection, and experience. Already in 1889, Dewey had formulated one of the idioms he became best known for: “Learn to do by knowing and to know by doing”^[8] In his later work, How We Think, (first published in 1910; revised and re-released in 1933) he specified, “We do not learn from experience. We learn from reflecting on experience.”^[9]

While Dewey was not the first philosopher to examine the importance of experience, and many have built on his work since^[10], he remains the key figure in contemporary educational theory for understanding this. There is also no end of material written that references Dewey and his influence on education.

For the purposes of a practice-based film school education, the key is the combination of reflection and experience. Dewey examines this closer in his Art As Experience, where he observes, “The artist does his thinking in the very qualitative media he works in, and the terms lie so dose to the object that he is producing that they merge directly into it.”^[11] This observation is echoed by Tim Ingold in his description of sketching and drawing in Making, where he writes, “… the drawing is not the visible shadow of a mental event; it is a process of thinking, not the projection of a thought.”^[12] (emphasis in original)

This means that in the context of practice-based fine arts education, the emphasis is just as much on developing reflection during experience as it is on developing reflection on experience. The latter half of that formulation—reflecting on experience—is a staple of education everywhere. Teachers give an assignment of some form, and when it is complete, lead an assessment of this assignment. Ideally, this assessment will include a great deal of emphasis on the process—why did this result end up as it did, and what steps and decisions did you, the student, undertake that led to this result. Properly done, the realizations gained through this sort of assessment will enable the student to make choices next time that can lead to a better result.

Reflection in or during experience is what Donald Schön called “reflection in action”,^[13] where the emphasis is on the ability of the practitioner to reflect while in the middle of experiencing, and use their previously acquired knowledge and expertise to make decisions and adjust course while in activity. This is something we all do, every day, but that is absolutely essential for artists and professionals who are constantly facing the unexpected where they have to rely on their best judgement in order to achieve a desired goal.

And back to scaffolding

The question of how to teach students to reflect while in activity, and to use their previous experience and developed skills to make qualified decisions on how to handle a new or unexpected situation is a key question for film schools. And it brings us back to the description of scaffolding from Philipsen (above).

In her research, Philipsen identified 3 levels of scaffolding: institutional scaffolding, team scaffolding, and individual scaffolding.^[14] For her, these connect closely to the constraints the Danish Film School set for the students in their “pen test” film exercises, and, in fact, the key element in the institutional scaffolding is the set of rules, or constraints, the school presented the students with for their films.

Institutional scaffolding

Institutional scaffolding is more than this, however. Some constraints are easy to see, and they consist of things like budgets, physical facilities and equipment, availability of permanent and temporary teaching staff, dates for start and end of term, etc. These will be constraints that are common to all film schools, even though the details will vary. All of these will affect how the curriculum is organized, including the placement and design of film production exercises.

These are imposed constraints, that come from outside the film school itself. They affect how the school is organized and provide the limits to the freedom of the school—and they in turn are passed on to the students through the way their classes are planned, teaching and mentoring are organized, the budgetary and time limits placed on the film exercises, and so on.

In terms of the film production exercises, institutional scaffolding is the way in which the school—through academic leadership, pedagogical traditions, and staff input—creates constraints for specific exercises. The Norwegian Film School has some general constraints that apply to all exercises; these have to do with the pedagogical approach to the exercises as vehicles for learning and not as finished films. One consequence of this is that the school will set budgets, the amount of time allocated to development, production, and post-production, the length of the final projects, the balance between studio and location, the date for final screenings, and so on.

In addition to these general constraints, the teaching staff will design constraints that aim to challenge the students skills and creativity. This is an application of Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development (ZPD)^[15]; a framework he developed to show that in every educational situation, the learner comes in with existing skills and knowledge, and the challenge of the educator is to create a learning situation where they have to stretch beyond what they already know but not so far as to make the task of learning insurmountable. ZPD is the “sweet spot”, where the challenge is achievable but requires effort and new learning.

In their article “The Role of Tutoring in Problem Solving”, Wood, Bruner, and Ross introduced the term scaffolding^[16] as the metaphor for what tutors and teachers do in order to create and maintain the ZPD. At the Norwegian Film School, the scaffolding elements include the teaching the students have had before they start an exercise and the mentoring / tutoring they receive during their work, the specific creative challenges given to the group and the individual for the exercise in question, the limits placed on which production challenges they should focus on, and so on. The students are actively followed up through the entire process, and the constraints they work under become less and less visible as they become more expert and confident as filmmakers.

Team scaffolding

The structure of the Norwegian Film School determines the composition of the teams in film production exercises. The school accepts students into 7 disciplines at the BFA-level: screenwriting, directing, producing, cinematography, production design, editing, and sound. Each discipline has 6 students, meaning that every production exercise consists of 6 teams with 7 members (one from each discipline) of each team. As the student group progresses through their studies, they gain more influence over who they work with, but initially this is wholly decided by the teaching staff. Even on the final examination projects, the teaching staff have the final word in order to ensure each of the 42 students will have a satisfactory learning experience.

These teams of 7 people who may or may not have wanted to work together are where the students become practitioners, where they have an opportunity to test their creativity, the skills and techniques they’ve learned along the way, and to experience their role as an artist working in a defined field in a team working towards a common artistic goal.

Team scaffolding here works in several ways. There are the constraints the team set for themselves, in terms genre and story, visual style, locations and settings, characters, editing style (which will affect how the film i shot), sound design, etc. They will also determine if they are going to work along traditional roles or if they will—within the constraints of their disciplines—challenge traditional ways of working and explore alternative hierarchies. In short, the team has some leeway to set their own rules. In this process, they will explore the balance between their own ambitions and abilities, and create a form of scaffolding for themselves where they become each other others peer support (i.e. scaffold each other). In high-functioning teams, this is very effective.

Another function for the team scaffolding is in the creative process itself. In most processes, there will come a time when students enter a state of flow. Csikszentmihalyi describes a number of psychological, sensory, and experiential conditions for entering flow, which revolve around enjoyment of an activity, understanding the purpose of that activity, having the desire to enter into the activity, and the challenge being presented by the activity being beyond current abilities but not so far as to make achieving a result frustrating or impossible.^[17]

In a collective artistic process such filmmaking, this may also develop into a state of group flow, where the individuals function as a cohesive group while in the state of flow. Keith Sawyer examined group flow in 2015 through a study of jazz improv ensembles, and concluded that an added element for groups is that the group members is that the group must know each other well enough to be comfortable experimenting together, but not so well as to be predicable to each other. There needs to be an element of uncertainty for flow to exist.^[18] In his study of group flow in the bands Black Sabbath and Joy Division, Steve Taylor found that in these groups, which were defined by fairly rigid rules around the sound and structure of their music (unlike improv jazz), a highly cooperative creative process and a lack of conscious deliberation were also key factors.^[19]

Because group flow is so dependent on the interplay between individuals and the creative “contract” they have made with each other, team scaffolding is essential to enable the students to enter this state in their team exercises. They must both agree on a set of constraints or common rules for their projects, and be willing and able to enter into a collaborative and experimental state together.

Individual scaffolding

In her article, “Constraints in film making processes…”, Heidi Philipsen defines individual scaffolding as “…the level at which the filmmaker dictates his/her own rules for the film process.”^[20] and gives some examples of filmmakers continuing to apply rules and constraints to their own work after they started their professional careers (with the most obvious example being Lars von Trier). And that filmmakers (and other artists) set themselves constraints is a well-known phenomenon. One can make an argument that individual artists in this way create the conditions for their own ZPD, by defining their own conditions that will challenge them.

At the Norwegian Film School, a tool for this kind of individual-centred scaffolding is called a statement of intent (intensjonserklæring in Norwegian). This is primarily used in film production exercises, but some instructors use them in other settings too. The description of this statement is that in it the student defines their personal learning outcomes and artistic ambitions for the given exercise, within the given constraints of the exercise.^[21] Ideally, this document should function as a set of self-imposed constraints, designed by the student to be personal ZPD that also can be conducive to flow.

Another set of methods and tools are described by the Thinking at the edge approach to embodied critical thinking described by a number of researchers from the TECTU (Training Embodied Critical Thinking and Understanding) project.^[22] Among the techniques examined in this project are focusing, as developed by the psychologist Eugene Gendlin and described as, “…an experiential, embodied and evidence-based practice of self-reflection. […] It’s called Focusing because it requires a special kind of focus to notice what is not yet clear, fuzzy and vague, implicit in how you interact with your situations and environment. This fuzzy dimension of experience is called the “felt sense.” Focusing on the felt sense allows an in-depth clarification process to happen.”^[23] Several of the researchers and educators involved in the TECTU project describe how they applied focussing as a tool for self-scaffolding and teaching others how to self-scaffold.^[24]

Micro-phenomenology

Related to this, and also touched on by the TECTU researchers, is the method called “micro-phenomenology”. This is, among other things, an interview method described as follows,

The specificity of the micro-phenomenological interview method is that it focuses on a singular experience. The premise of the method is indeed that only the exploration of a singular concrete experience makes it possible to practice an épochè: to “bracket” or suspend our preconceptions and theorizations about experience, and notably our implicit belief in the existence of an objective world independent of experience. This act enables us to leave our “natural attitude” of absorption into the content of experience (the “what”), to reorient our attention towards the way this experience appears to us (the “how”), and notably towards the usually prereflective micro-acts through which this appearance is constituted.^[25]

In the same article, she goes on to state,

[… A]t the core of singular experiences, what we discover is not private features proper to the history and peculiarities of each individual, but the shared intimate structures through which the world appears to us, as well as the shared intimate processes through which these structures arise, and eventually vanish. Surprisingly, if universal structures were to be discovered, it seems that it would be in the most invisible and the most intimate.

Petitmengin also applied micro-phenomenology in a study of intuition, in an effort to see if the subjects would become able to describe and understand the moment of “immediate” knowledge, where the insight or inspiration arrived as if by magic.^[26]

One of the challenges for filmmakers, and thus those who teach filmmakers, is the challenge of how to mine the deeply personal and intimate to create stories that feel universal. For those who succeed, this is often an intuitive process. As Petitmengin and others have observed, the intuitive is usually characterized by tacit knowledge, the kind of embodied and sensory knowledge that seems to transcend words and explanation.

Micro-phenomenological interview techniques that illuminate the intensely subjective and enable the exploration of very specific experiences can work especially well to illuminate tacit knowledge and give the subject the language to explain what was tacit.^[27] As such, teaching these interview techniques to students (and staff!) can enable a much more precise and illuminating dialogue around the process of artistic creation.

Footnotes

Lapsley, Robert, and Michael Westlake. Film Theory: An Introduction. 2nd edn, Manchester University Press, 2006, JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.inn.no/stable/jj.17842197. p.iv
Whether that distrust has any basis in reality is a question far beyond what I am examining here. Film theorists have written volumes attempting to show that film does need theory, but the distrust and distancing remains. Even at (some) film schools. Also, this distrust is not universal. The French novelle vague grew out of a group of filmmakers who were very interested in film criticism (or critics who were also interested in filmmaking, depending on which director one studies).
Ross, Dick. Training the Trainers. The Norwegian Film School, 2005.
Philipsen, Heidi. Dansk films nye bølge: Afsæt og aftryk fra Den Danske Filmskole. 2004, https://portal.findresearcher.sdu.dk/da/publications/dansk-films-nye-b%C3%B8lge-afs%C3%A6t-og-aftryk-fra-den-danske-filmskole/. Syddansk Universitet (SDU).
Philipsen, Heidi. ‘Rules Can Inspire Creative Processes’. 2008, Digital Content Creation.
Philipsen, Heidi. ‘Constraints in Film Making Processes Offer an Exercise to the Imagination – A Pleading Based on Experiences from Denmark’. Seminar.Net, vol. 5, no. 1, Nov. 2009, https://doi.org/10.7577/seminar.2470.
Philipsen, Heidi. ‘Rules Can Inspire Creative Processes’. 2008, Digital Content Creation.
McLellan, J.A., and John Dewey. An Introduction to the Principles and Practice of Education. Educational Publishing Company, 1889. Applied Psychology.
Dewey, John. How We Think. 2025 edn, Creative Media Partners, LLC, 1933.
A small handful of relevant educational theorists to further examine the relationship between experience, reflection, and learning are David Kolb, Paolo Freire, bell hooks, Maxine Greene, Donald Schön. I’ll be be touching on many of them in later writings.
Dewey, John. Art As Experience. Perigree Trade Paperback, The Berkley Publishing Group, 1934.
Ingold, Tim. Making: Anthropology, Archaeology, Art and Architecture. Routledge, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203559055.
Introduced in Schön, Donald A. The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action. Routledge, 1983, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315237473.
Philipsen, Heidi. ‘Constraints in Film Making Processes Offer an Exercise to the Imagination – A Pleading Based on Experiences from Denmark’. Seminar.Net, vol. 5, no. 1, Nov. 2009, https://doi.org/10.7577/seminar.2470.
See the chapter “Interaction between learning and development” in Vygotsky, L. S. Mind in Society: Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Edited by Michael Cole et al., Harvard University Press, 1978. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/hilhmr-ebooks/detail.action?docID=3301299.
Wood, David, et al. ‘The Role of Tutoring in Problem Solving’. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, vol. 17, 1976, pp. 89–100. ResearchGate, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1976.tb00381.x.
See Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly. Flow: The Pyschology of Happiness. Rider, 1992.
Sawyer, Keith. ‘Group Flow and Group Genius’. NAMTA Journal, vol. 40, no. 3, 2015, pp. 29–52.
Taylor, Steve. ‘Channelling the Darkness: Group Flow and Environmental Expression in the Music of Black Sabbath and Joy Division’. Metal Music Studies, vol. 7, no. 1, Mar. 2020, pp. 85–102.https://doi.org/10.1386/mms_00033_1.
Philipsen, Heidi. ‘Constraints in Film Making Processes Offer an Exercise to the Imagination – A Pleading Based on Experiences from Denmark’. Seminar.Net, vol. 5, no. 1, Nov. 2009, https://doi.org/10.7577/seminar.2470.
Summarized and translated from an internal document at the Norwegian Film School written by the author in 2018.
Schoeller, Donata, et al., editors. Practicing Embodied Thinking in Research and Learning. Routledge, 2024, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003397939.
‘What Is Focusing?’ The International Focusing Institute, https://focusing.org/felt-sense/what-focusing. Accessed 14 Jan. 2026.
See, for example, Jóhannesdóttir, Guðbjörg R. ‘Sensing and Thinking from within: Aesthetic Perception and Embodied Thinking’. ; Sandberg, Ole Martin. ‘Focusing on Emotions in Climate Education: A Felt Sense of the Climate’.; Sauka, Anne. ‘Embodied Critical Thinking and Environmental Embeddedness: The Sensed Knots of Knowledge’.; and Eisenberg, Ramio. ‘Focusing in the School of Architecture’. All in Practicing Embodied Thinking in Research and Learning, Routledge, 2024.
Petitmengin, Claire, et al. ‘Discovering the Structures of Lived Experience’. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, vol. 18, no. 4, Sept. 2019, pp. 691–730. Springer Link, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-018-9597-4.
Petitmengin-Peugeot, Claire. ‘The Intuitive Experience’. Journal of Consciousness Studies, vol. 6, nos 2–3, 1999, pp. 2–3.
See Petitmengin, Claire. ‘Micro-Phenomenology as Coming into Contact with Experience: Subtilisation, Surprises, and Liberation’. Practicing Embodied Thinking in Research and Learning, Routledge, 2024.

Picking up some threads — film school pedagogy

I’ve got some time on my hands these days, and it’s time to pick up the film school pedagogy thread again. As I’ve posted earlier, I worked with a group of faculty from Nordic film schools in 2015 & 16 to develop a training programme for filmmakers teaching at film schools. Subsequently, I translated this to Norwegian, and completed a first cohort among our own staff in the school year 2018-19. I am now working on taking that experience and developing a curriculum for a second cohort.

The intro module from the Nordic version is still a good starting point, and so I’m posting it here and will endeavour to follow up with some thoughts and new ideas.

The intro module looked like this:

The Artist as (Film School) Teacher

Pedagogical development for filmmakers teaching in higher education

MODULE 1

Introduction to the training programme
mandatory for all participants
1,5 ECTS – 5 weeks – approx. time usage (including own time) is 8-10 hrs. per week.

Introduction

This module will introduce all the participants in the “The Artist as (Film School) Teacher” pedagogical course to several aspects of film school pedagogy, basics of online learning, principles of peeragogy, and to the approaches to teaching practiced at the participating Nordic film schools. The module will combine video hangouts and webconferencing, synchronous and asynchronous online discussions with readings, videos and reflection assignments.

Module 1 is not a standalone course, but serves as the introduction for all the filmmakers working at the NORDICIL schools who need – either due to formal requirements or personal interest – insight into and practice with pedagogy and didactic methods designed for film schools. This first module will introduce the series of modules that make up “The Artist as (Film School) Teacher” and, most importantly, ensure that all the participants have the same level of comfort with the online environments, the vocabulary of film school pedagogy, and the principles of peeragogy.

Completion of this module is a prerequisite for participating in further modules.

Learning outcomes.

By the conclusion of the module, the candidates will have achieved the following learning outcomes:

Knowledge: The candidates will have attained

An overview of the approaches to pedagogy practiced at the participating film schools
An overview of various tools for online learning and interaction
An understanding of peeragogy and the importance of personal learning networks in online instruction.
A good understanding of “pedagogy” and “didactics”, “scaffolding”, pragmatist educational practice, constructivist educational practice, other commonly used educational practices.

Skills: The candidates will be able to:

Critically reflect over and place own personal approach to education and training within a larger context
Choose, setup, and maintain online identities for use in future training modules
Build and use a personal learning network (PLN) and personal learning environment (PLE)
Support other participants in a PLN
Understand the uses of pedagogy and didactics.

General competence:

At the conclusion of this first module, the participants will be prepared for further participation in “The Artist as (Film School) Teacher” by both enabling them to attain a level of comfort with the online tools and environments that will be used and helping them gain insight into the role of the educator as distinct from the filmmaker.

Course Structure

WEEK 1 – Introductions

In week one, the participants will receive an email with instructions on how to create an online account with the chosen PLE for this module[4] . At each of the 8 participating schools there will also be a designated resource person[1] the participants can go to for assistance getting online. Once logged in to the PLE, participants will see the syllabus for the course, will be able to download list of fundamental definitions, and will have access to some readings and videos.

Tasks for the week:

Log into the PLE and create a full profile
Read and reflect on pedagogical approaches from the different schools
Share reflections on own approach to teaching in the PLE
Read and reflect on “What is peeragogy?”
View and reflect on selected videos (TBA)

WEEK 2 – Environments

In week two, participants will start to become familiar with the various online tools that will be used throughout this and future modules. Several tools will be presented with both pros and cons, and the facilitators will explain why some have been chosen at this point and how they will be used. These include tools for online discussions (eg. Slack, Google+, Twitter, etc.), for video interaction and webinars (eg. Skype, Google Hangouts), and for creating and sharing documents (such as Google Drive, Dropbox, blog tools such as Blogger & WordPress).

In addition, week two will see the introduction of basic learning theories and their application to the training of creative talents in filmmaking. Key questions include “What does it mean to be be developing creative talent and how does this differ from professional training?”, “What is an experience-based educational approach?”, and “To what extent does training artists /filmmakers rely on tacit knowledge, and what are the educational implications of this?” These questions are introduced at this point, but developing answers to them is a project for several modules.

Tasks for the week:

Participate in the first video hangout
Participate in a synchronous online discussion using Slack, Twitter, or Google+.
Comment on reflections from week 1; if necessary update own reflection based on feedback
Read selected readings introducing basics of Pragmatism (Dewey), Constructivism (Piaget), and Social Constructivism (Vygotsky). Max. 20 pages total.
Start a self-reflection/criticism of the selected readings.

WEEK 3 – The Personal Learning Network

Peeragogy depends, as the name suggests, on interaction with and support from peers, and in this course the peers are film school teachers spread across 4 countries with different languages, representing 8 schools with different approaches in 6 cities. Reliance on online tools for building and supporting a peer network is absolutely necessary and a primary goal for week three is to help all the participants become more familiar and comfortable with using interactive online tools for establishing and building relationships in a learning network.

Tasks for the week:

Participate in a video hangout
Participate in a synchronous online discussion using Slack, Twitter, or Google+.
Search for useful resources related to the week 2 readings and share any found to a central repository.
Read selected sections of the Peeragogy Handbook and participate in an online discussion of peeragogy.
Continue self-reflection/criticism of the selected readings, and begin referring to the additional resources found by module participants.

WEEK 4 – Towards developing a film school pedagogy

In week one
of the module, participants were asked to read and reflect on the pedagogical approaches of all the participating NORDICIL schools. At this point, they should feel comfortable enough to reflect critically on the approach of their own school and compare it with the other schools. In week four, the expectation is that participants will start to place their own pedagogical practices and thoughts within this larger context and engage in discussions with other participants in order to exchange thoughts and reflections.

Tasks for the week:

Post own self-reflection/criticism in a public forum where the other participants can read and comment on it.
Read, reflect and comment on the self-reflections of other participants, both from one’s own institution and from other institutions.
Participate in online discussions (possible video hangout may be organised).
Fill out self-assessment of course progress to date

WEEK 5 – Conclusions and final reflections

Module 1 is the launching pad for the subsequent modules, and a key metric for success is ensuring the participants are comfortable with both the technological environment and the foundational philosophies of peeragogy and film school pedagogy. The contents of week 5 will be very much determined by the results of the self-assessment survey completed at the end of week 4.

The goal for week 5 is to ensure the participants are familiar with their PLN and the tools for interaction and communication, and have developed a critical awareness of their own pedagogical practice and how it relates to a larger community of practice at the Nordic film schools. These are the key competencies that will form the foundation of the further modules in the course.

Tasks for the week:

Participate in online discussions summarising the key takeaways from the module
Update own self-reflection/criticism based on total feedback from others
Complete online skills assessment
Identify gaps in skills and knowledge and share a plan for filling these gaps
Where applicable, offer peer support to others who share their learning gaps
Complete final self-assessment and sign up for next module.

Organisation

Each of the
eight participating institutions has provided a participant in the NORDICIL working group that has developed “The Artist as (Film School) Teacher”. These 8 individuals are also the peer facilitators for Module 1, and will support each other in leading the various elements of the module.

There is no grade, and at the completion of the course participants will receive either a “completed” or “not completed” based on their active participation in all facets of the course over the 5-week period. A mark of “completed” is required in order to continue to the next module.

From Artist To Teacher – outline notes

developing a peer-based training programme for film school teachers

background

Film Schools in the Nordic countries, like in most other parts of the world, face a particular challenge in ensuring a highly qualified teaching staff. Most film school teachers come from the ranks of the film industry, where they have been active artists in their field. Their background may or may not have included a formal education, and their selection as teaching staff is most often based on their professional and artistic qualifications.

A teaching staff with artistic and professional qualifications is a core value for these film schools. In order to train the next generation of filmmakers and storytellers, it is necessary to give the students constant exposure to active professionals who bring the latest developments and impulses into the classroom.

The nature of filmmaking being what it is, it is difficult if not impossible to combine filmmaking with the kind of academic preparation that is normal in other forms of higher education. This, combined with the imposition of requirements for qualifications demanded under the European Bologna Agreements, creates a need for a new, specialised form of teacher training for filmmakers.

Today this need is met through a variety of more or less adequate means, ranging from more traditional academic pedagogic training to informal discussion groups and peer networks. However, due to the fragmented nature of this training, there is a great deal of duplication and lost effort – a situation the project “From artist to teacher” will endeavour to improve.

the project

The idea of a training programme for film school teachers is not new. In 2005, The Norwegian Film School published, with the support of CILECT, the package Training the Trainers by Dick Ross. The final booklet in this series, “Back to the future”, outlined a proposal for a European Teachers Training Institute, a proposal which has not (yet) come to fruition. The new proposal “From artist to teacher” has a similar ambition, but aims to start on a somewhat smaller scale and will take advantage of recent developments in communication technology and digital pedagogy.

This project also indends to build on the longstanding relationship between the Nordic film schools, through NORDICIL, to further improve the quality of teaching at all the schools. All the institutions face a common challenge: how to ensure that the teaching staff, who primarily come from the professional film industries in the Nordic countries, are prepared in the best possible way for using their expertise to develop the next generation of filmmakers.

The project goal is to develop a peer-based training for film school teachers, which will give them the practical and theoretical tools to effectively guide the development of student filmmakers. The intent is to use the principles of peeragogy to combine face-to-face gatherings with digital technology for both synchronous and asynchronous collaboration. The course will consist of a general section, that focuses on ideas and concepts that are common to all the member institutions and an institution-specific section where the particular and unique needs of the individual institution can be addressed.

The first phase of the project involves, in addition to developing the course, choosing the digital tools to be used for the on-line components, creating a syllabus, the creation of the institution-specific components of the course, using online collaboration tools for the follow-up of the planning and prepare the final course plan for approval. The outcome will be a formally approved course of the Film School Pedagogy, including both the common and institution-specific parts, ready to start in August, 2016.

overarching principles

Film schools draw primarily upon the ranks of working filmmakers for their teaching staff. It is not unusual that filmmakers have very limited experience in academia, and also little or no experience with teaching. Often they will have started working in film in assistant roles, and worked their way through the ranks while learning and honing their skills and artistic sensibilities on the job.

Given this situation, planning a heavily theoretical/academic training programme would be counterproductive. Many filmmakers, like the students they are teaching, often have a practical background and are neither interested in, nor necessarily prepared for, a heavily academic-theoretical course of study. A course in film school pedagogy will have to take this into account and give the participants a practical experience while also introducing them to the theoretical tools necessary to develop their pedagogical skills.

Any course in film school pedagogy will also necessarily be directed towards the needs of a particular school. Even within a small area like the Nordic countries there is quite a wide divergence of tradition and practise at the different film schools; a shared course in film school pedagogy will need to build on the shared challenges while also allowing each school to form parts of the course for it’s particular needs. The challenge when developing a course to be used by the various NORDICIL schools will be to find the common challenges and approaches while balancing that with ensuring the course still allows each particular school to maintain its identity.

In any film school, there are a wide variety of teachers with different experiences and expertise in teaching. This fact, combined with the lack of trained pedagogues among filmmakers in teaching position, is one of the primary reasons for utilising the principles of peeragogy – a situation where the primary instruction and coaching participants receive is from each other.

The working group may find inspiration in the existing pedagogical training at art schools across the Nordic countries and Europe, but will in the end develop a training programme that is specifically tailored for filmmakers becoming/working as film school teachers.

basic structure and learning outcomes

Finding a functional structure will be one of the major challenges. Coordinating film school teachers, many of whom juggle teaching with an active professional career as filmmakers, across four countries and five institutions with very different timetables is not a task to be taken lightly. At the same time, for a course of this nature to be successful there must be ongoing participation from as many teachers as possible. It is not unreasonable to expect those taking the course for credit have an attendance requirement, through a combination of ftf and online gatherings, of 80%.

The distributed nature of the course depends on a significant online component, both synchronous and asynchronous. In addition, given the different institutions presently use different, and in some cases incompatible, LMS-platforms, the tools chosen need to be open, accessible and (preferably) free. They should combine the possibility of video and audio conferencing, discussion fora, file upload/download, commenting and sharing, etc. These things can be achieved either through the utilisation of a variety of tools, or the selection of a common provider such as Google (with G+ communities, hangouts, documents/drive, etc.).

Another structural consideration comes from the different pedagogical approaches and needs at the various schools. An important aspect of the mandate for the working group will be establishing a division between the common topics all participants will find useful and the specialisation focussed on the approaches that are unique to certain schools or group of schools.

A possible foundation for the learning outcomes of this course is:

In the end, the working group will develop specific learning outcomes that satisfy the needs of formal evaluation for the award of ects credits for the successful completion of the course.

participants will gain an increased facility in planning and executing lessons and workshops
participants will gain increased insight into how students learn, and how different pedagogical approaches to teaching, mentoring and feedback will effect their learning
participants will be exposed to different teaching styles and approaches, and from this be able to develop an approach of their own
participants will develop an peer network across the Nordic countries, and feel comfortable utilising this network even after the conclusion of the course.